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The findings suggest that the steroid treatment would prevent one death for every eight ventilated patients or one death for every 25 patients getting oxygen therapy, the researchers say. Given the pace at which science has been moving—and the fact that a number of highly touted “treatments” have since been withdrawn from use because they were found to be ineffective or harmful—there is good reason to proceed with caution. Corticosteroids are hormones that are often used to suppress inflammation. If they are given too soon in the course of an infection—or given to someone with only a mild infection—they could prevent the body’s own immune system from fighting the virus effectively. Some studies have used corticosteroids to treat other coronaviruses, including SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) or MERS (Middle East respiratory syndrome), and found they were not very effective, says Stanley Perlman, a professor of microbiology and immunology at the University of Iowa.

“The [new] data need to be peer-reviewed and carefully analyzed.” But unlike the new study, the SARS and MERS studies were not all randomized controlled trials, and the data were not as high-quality. At least one small study of corticosteroid treatment for COVID-19, published in May in Clinical Infectious Diseases , found it improved clinical outcomes in moderate to severe cases.

And doctors in many hospitals have been giving their patients steroids and noting anecdotal improvements. Scientific American spoke with Randy Cron, a professor of pediatrics and medicine at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, about the significance of the RECOVERY findings and why he’s optimistic about steroids as a treatment for patients hospitalized with the most severe coronavirus infections. Cron is an expert on cytokine storms, the out-of-control immune response that can occur in some illnesses, including COVID-19.

Although the new results have not yet been published, he says he is confident that corticosteroids are a promising avenue for treatment for several reasons.

“They’re likely to work, they’re cheap, and they’re available worldwide,” he says. [ An edited transcript of the conversation follows. ] What do you make of the recently announced findings? My overall take on this is that corticosteroids are likely to be the way to help the planet. Other drugs are expensive and not available worldwide.

There was another report out there—not a randomized trial, but a historical cohort control study out of Michigan [the May Clinical Infectious Diseases study]. It also suggested [corticosteroids] could benefit COVID-19 patients.

We used steroids for variety of cytokine storm syndromes long before COVID-19 came along.

It makes sense that they would work [for COVID-19]. There have been a lot of case series [studies] of [other immunomodulators such as inhibitors of interleukin-1] (IL-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), which are also saving [the lives of people with COVID-19]. The big take-home message isn’t so much that steroids work but that the virus is [just] the trigger. And really what’s killing people is the immune response to the infection.

Weren’t some scientists hesitant to use corticosteroids to treat COVID-19 because of the risk of weakening the body’s response to the virus?

The [World Health Organization] and a lot of other groups [have, until now, been] opposed to using steroids for COVID-19.

A lot of that was based on [studies of] SARS and MERS (other deadly coronaviruses), [but] the data are kind of mixed—a lot of them are not great data.

Some important things to note: The timing of [when the drug is given] is important.

So is the population treated—this is not something you should be giving to people who are asymptomatic, to people who are [well] enough to ride it out at home with a flulike illness or anywhere in between.

The [ideal] patients are the ones who are sick enough to need hospitalization for respiratory distress from COVID-19. And you should treat them prior to the point that they need to be invasively mechanically ventilated or otherwise require intensive care.

In terms of timing, the first five to seven days of symptoms are probably not when you want to treat the patient. When the patient is in respiratory distress requiring hospitalization—that’s the point when you want to dampen the immune system. You probably don’t need to use the high doses used [to treat] cytokine storms [in other diseases]. Dexamethasone and other steroids are broad-brush treatments that suppress the immune system as a whole.

How do these compare with drugs that are targeted to specific immune system molecules, which are also being tested against COVID-19?

This is a worldwide pandemic, and we’re not immune to it. In this country, [roughly] two million people [have been] infected. My guess is it’s more like 20 million if we tested everyone. If [up to 20 percent of them] need to be hospitalized, you are not going to have enough targeted [cytokine-blocking drug] therapies available. If you have those more targeted drugs available, sure, you should use them. But if you’re in a country where you don’t have them, corticosteroid drugs could be a more feasible option. Steroids are problematic; there’s no doubt about that.

But if the choice is [potential side effects versus] death, side effects may be a relatively small price to pay.

Studies of steroid treatment for SARS and MERS infections found little or no benefit. Now we are so inundated with data—this is way bigger than SARS or MERS in terms of the numbers [of individuals] infected.

A colleague at Temple University in Philadelphia reports their center has treated more than 1,500 individuals [some of whom were] not in a clinical trial. Everyone admitted [to the university’s hospital] gets a moderate dose of corticosteroids. Many patients were from the inner city and had a lot of comorbid conditions. Approximately 50 percent were African American; 30 percent were Hispanic—[all groups that are disproportionately at risk of severe COVID-19 infections].

I’m pretty convinced [that corticosteroids are effective for severe cases of COVID-19 pneumonia]. is now making dexamethasone a standard of care for patients hospitalized with severe COVID-19.

It’s likely a better standard of care than [the antiviral drug] remdesivir. Even the kids who are getting [an inflammatory syndrome post-COVID-19 infection]—they do well on steroids. The [biggest] concern I have with steroids is that people are going to want to start taking them at home—that’s not a good thing.

This is really for hospitalized patients under the care of a clinician. We’ve seen other drugs being touted as treatments for COVID-19 before.

[Most of those treatments] were being driven by infectious disease doctors, not doctors who treat cytokine storms.

There is going to be more steroid data coming out, but it’s going to lag [behind that on] antivirals. Of course, we can’t really know how significant the new findings are until they are published, right? COVID-19 Impact & Recovery Analysis - Penicillin Market 2020-2024 | Comorbidities Associated with Bacterial Infections to Boost Growth | Technavio.

LONDON--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Sep 9, 2020-- Technavio has been monitoring the penicillin market and it is poised to grow by USD 1.65 billion during 2020-2024, progressing at a CAGR of over 4% during the forecast period. The report offers an up-to-date analysis regarding the current market scenario, latest trends and drivers, and the overall market environment. View the full release here: https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20200909005781/en/ Technavio has announced its latest market research report titled Global Penicillin Market 2020-2024 (Graphic: Business Wire) Technavio suggests three forecast scenarios (optimistic, probable, and pessimistic) considering the impact of COVID-19.

Please Request Latest Free Sample Report on COVID-19 Impact.

The market is fragmented, and the degree of fragmentation will accelerate during the forecast period.

Astellas Pharma Inc., Biocon Ltd., Cadila Healthcare Ltd., GlaxoSmithKline Plc, Merck & Co.

Inc., Mylan NV, Pfizer Inc., Sanofi, Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd., and Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. Although the comorbidities associated with bacterial infections will offer immense growth opportunities, use of alternative therapies will challenge the growth of the market participants.

To make the most of the opportunities, market vendors should focus more on the growth prospects in the fast-growing segments, while maintaining their positions in the slow-growing segments. Penicillin Market is segmented as below: Type Oral Parenteral Geographic Landscape North America Europe Asia ROW. To learn more about the global trends impacting the future of market research, download a free sample: https://www.technavio.com/talk-to-us?report=IRTNTR40093.

Technavio presents a detailed picture of the market by the way of study, synthesis, and summation of data from multiple sources.

Our penicillin market report covers the following areas: Penicillin Market size Penicillin Market trends Penicillin Market industry analysis.

This study identifies the rising awareness about infectious diseases as one of the prime reasons driving the penicillin market growth during the next few years. We provide a detailed analysis of around 25 vendors operating in the penicillin market, including some of the vendors such as Astellas Pharma Inc., Biocon Ltd., Cadila Healthcare Ltd., GlaxoSmithKline Plc, Merck & Co.

Inc., Mylan NV, Pfizer Inc., Sanofi, Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd., and Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. Backed with competitive intelligence and benchmarking, our research reports on the Penicillin Market are designed to provide entry support, customer profile and M&As as well as go-to-market strategy support.

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CAGR of the market during the forecast period 2020-2024 Detailed information on factors that will assist penicillin market growth during the next five years Estimation of the penicillin market size and its contribution to the parent market Predictions on upcoming trends and changes in consumer behavior The growth of the penicillin market Analysis of the market’s competitive landscape and detailed information on vendors Comprehensive details of factors that will challenge the growth of penicillin market vendors. Preface Currency conversion rates for US$ PART 03: MARKET LANDSCAPE. Market ecosystem Market characteristics Market segmentation analysis.

Market definition Market sizing 2019 Market size and forecast 2019-2024.

Bargaining power of buyers Bargaining power of suppliers Threat of new entrants Threat of substitutes Threat of rivalry Market condition.

Market segmentation by type Comparison by type Oral - Market size and forecast 2019-2024 Parenteral - Market size and forecast 2019-2024 Market opportunity by type. Geographic segmentation Geographic comparison North America - Market size and forecast 2019-2024 Europe - Market size and forecast 2019-2024 Asia - Market size and forecast 2019-2024 ROW - Market size and forecast 2019-2024 Key leading countries Market opportunity. Rising awareness about infectious diseases Growing risk of spreading infections via blood transfusions. Overview Landscape disruption Competitive scenario.

Vendors covered Vendor classification Market positioning of vendors Astellas Pharma Inc. Research methodology List of abbreviations Definition of market positioning of vendors.

Technavio is a leading global technology research and advisory company. Their research and analysis focus on emerging market trends and provides actionable insights to help businesses identify market opportunities and develop effective strategies to optimize their market positions. With over 500 specialized analysts, Technavio’s report library consists of more than 17,000 reports and counting, covering 800 technologies, spanning across 50 countries.

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However, sometimes symptoms can be extremely severe and debilitating with swelling of the eyelids, conjunctivae and a sensation of grittiness and burning. Unlike conjunctivitis that is caused by bacterial infection, allergic conjunctivitis is not contagious, so it cannot be transferred from one person to another.

Red eye is one of the most common eye problems for which people visit a doctor.

A description of symptoms and an eye examination by the doctor will usually suggest the cause: Pus containing discharge usually indicates that there is bacterial infection. Clear discharge suggests a viral or allergic cause.

Itch and clear discharge suggests an allergic cause, possibly allergic conjunctivitis. Mild discomfort or burning often with excess watering may be due to dry eye.

Vision loss, discomfort in bright sunlight (photophobia) and pain suggest more serious conditions, which should be investigated by an eye specialist (ophthalmologist).

A gritty sensation is common in conjunctivitis, but the presence of a foreign body must be excluded, particularly if only one eye is affected. The conjunctiva is a layer of tissue which lines the front part of the eyeball (the white part of the eye) and the inside of the eyelids, but does not cover the cornea (the coloured looking part of the eye).

It helps to protect the eye from insults such as smoke, bacteria and allergens in the air, as well as the damaging effects of sun and wind.

The eye is also protected by the eyelids, tears and cornea.

Conjunctivitis is an inflammation of the conjunctiva of the eye, which becomes red, swollen and produces discharge, in response to these insults. It can be caused by infection by bacteria or viruses, allergy and physical or chemical irritation. Treatment depends on identifying the cause and severity of the condition. There are several signs of allergic conjunctivitis.

Typical signs and symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis include: Redness in

both

Itching and burning of both the eye and surrounding tissues.

Watery discharge, often accompanied by acute discomfort in bright sunlight light (photophobia). The conjunctiva itself may become very swollen and look light purple, and this may interfere with clarity of vision.

Eyelids may also be affected by an allergic reaction, causing the loose tissues of the lid to become swollen with subsequent drooping of the eyelid.

In cases of severe swelling, the lids cannot open and the gap between the upper and lower lids becomes slit like.