A45 capsule

Next, we need to identify the differences in the genetic scripts, and then, we need to separate bad or abnormal mutated variants responsible for causing diseases. Next, we need to identify rare variants as diagnostic tools responsible for causing rare diseases (young people diseases) such as Parkinson, Huntington, cystic fibrosis, muscular dystrophy, color blindness, sickle cell anemia, etc.

Next, we need to identify the common genetic diseases (old people diseases) such as cancers, cardiovascular diseases, and Alzheimer.

First, we generate sequence data and then by comparing we find a correlation between variants and diseases. We can construct a correlation map of all variants responsible for causing all genetic disorders. After diagnosing the diseases, the next most important step is to treat those diseases by novel drug design.

Our work below describes over a quarter of a century’s effort by first designing drugs to shut off genes responsible for causing cancers in animals and then we further describe how we translated the animal work in humans.

The following pages describe the development of genomic medicine based on the drug design and on the genetic makeup of a patient. First, I will provide historical background which describes the early development of medicines to treat diseases.

Second, I will describe the rational drug design to treat abnormal mutated genes and the specific nucleotide identified by the human genome sequencing to develop new drugs to treat old diseases, and finally, I will discuss the ethical problems in an attempt to answer the consequences of prolonging human life on planetary resources and environment.

Since the dawn of human civilization, achieving human longevity has been the dream of every King, every Queen, every Pharos, and every Caesar.

But they all died in their 50s by infectious diseases. In 1928, Alexander Flaming, while working on influenza virus, observed that a mold had developed accidently on a staphylococcus culture plate. By killing the bacteria, the mold had created a bacteria-free circle around itself. He was so inspired by the presence of the bacterial free zone that he conducted further experiment and found that the mold culture produced a substance which prevented growth of staphylococci, even when diluted 800 times.

The discovery of penicillin [1] was followed by a host of new antibiotics such as streptomycin, neomycin, kanamycin, paromomycin, apramycin, tobramycin, amikacin, netilmicin, and gentamicin and dozens of their derivatives which wipeout Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Misuse and overuse of antibiotics in agriculture resulted in the bacterial resistance.

For example, farmers overuse the antibiotics in food-producing animals not only to kill the bacteria in cows, goat, and chicken farms but also use to promote growth in these animals exposing excessive amount of antibiotics residues to humans in their food.

We developed a spectroscopic method [2] to detect

their

We broke the genetic code and unlocked the secrets of life.

Now, we are ready to manipulate life not only to clean up our environmental pollution but also to produce new food, new fuel, and new medicine to treat every disease known to mankind. We also succeeded in increasing human lifespan beyond 60 to 70 years.

We read the total genetic information that makes the human life; we completed the Human Genome Project.

Next, we sequenced the human genome, that is, we read the number of nucleotides and the order in which they are arranged.

With advancement in science and technology, we sequenced the human genome cheaper and faster using the next-generation sequencers such as nanopore. We are able to compare the reference sequence of every gene with the 1000 copies of the same gene from different individuals to identify differences. If the good variant came from the pancreas, it produces insulin which is used to treat diabetes. If the variant came from an abnormal mutated gene, it is responsible for causing common diseases such as cancers, cardiovascular diseases, or Alzheimer. Soon, we will prepare a variant map of the entire genome to identify all 6000 diseases; then, we can design drugs to

treat

With advent of new technologies, we embark on the more ambitious project such as The Human Brain Project and The Human Longevity Project. Next, I will attempt to answer an important question about how to design drugs to treat diseases to save human life by using the information available from the Human Genome Project.

Is the secret hidden in the long string of four nucleotides text on a three-letter codon carrying 24,000 genes in 46 chromosomes in our genome containing six billion four hundred million nucleotides?

Could we identify the genetic variants responsible for our diseases by comparing the whole-genome sequence of the centenarians with the 1000 Human Genome Project completed by US and a Million Human Genome Project to be completed by European and a three Million Human Genome Project announced by the Chinese to identify rare alleles responsible for causing rare diseases with accuracy and precision. We want to identify in the whole genome the specific genetic variations and the few nucleotides responsible for our health. As I said above, before the discovery of antibiotics, most people died in their 50s. Today, all infectious diseases are treated with antibiotics. Now, we must treat the old age common diseases such as cancers, cardiac diseases, and Alzheimer. To save human life from these dreadful diseases, we have to design drugs to shut off genes responsible for causing these old age diseases. Next, I will describe how I design drugs to shut off genes which cause brain cancer, glioblastomas.

Similar rationale could be used to design drugs to shut off genes responsible for causing cardiovascular diseases and Alzheimer.

Our genes are units of inheritance and carry instructions to make proteins, and when the proteins fold, they become reactive and carry out a specific function.

Hundreds of proteins interact to make a cell, and millions of cells interact to make a tissue.

Hundreds of tissues interact to make an organ, and several organs interact to make a human being. The instructions to make tissues are written in our genes. A defected tissue could be identified by looking at the mutation in the genes. We can prevent diseases at a very early stage of our lives. By sequencing a fertilized egg, the

genotype

If a patient has a family history of a specific disease, to prevent future generation from inheriting the disease, it is best advice for such families to have conception by in vitro fertilization after making sure that

the

Our entire genome, the book of our life, is written in four nucleotides, and they are A (adenine), T (thiamine), G (guanine), and C (cytosine).

The chain of these nucleotides forms a double-stranded string of nucleotides, one strand is inherited from our mother and another from our father, running in opposite directions called the DNA (deoxyribonucleotide). According to Francis Crick’s Central Dogma [3], double-stranded DNA is transcribed into a single-stranded RNA which is translated in the ribosome into proteins.

The discovery of the double helical structure of DNA explained how the information to create life is stored, replicate, evolved, and passed on to the next generation.

This discovery opened a new world order of ideas and buried the old explanation of the magical mystical appearance of life on Earth.