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Chromosome-22 contains 56 million nucleotides and carries 701 genes.

Finally, the sex chromosome of all female called the (X) contains 164 million nucleotide bases and carries 1141 genes. The male sperm chromosome contains 59 million nucleotide bases and carries 255 genes. If you add up all genes in the 23 pairs of chromosomes, they come up to 26,808 genes and yet we keep on mentioning 24,000 genes needed to keep us function normally. As I said above, a gene codes for a protein, not all 24,000 genes code for proteins. It is estimated that less than 19,000 genes code for protein.

Because of the alternative splicing, each gene codes for more than one protein. All functional genes in our body make less than 50,000 proteins which interact in millions of different ways to give a single cell.

Millions of cells interact to give a tissue, hundreds of tissues interact to give an organ, and several organs interact to make a human.

Not all genes

act

Current studies show that a minimum of 2000 genes are enough to keep human function normally; the remaining genes are backup support system and they are used when needed. The non-functional genes are called the pseudo genes. For example, millions of years ago, humans and dogs shared some of the same ancestral genes; we both carry the same

olfactory

Today, we can read our entire genome in 1 day at a cost of 1000 dollars.

We can also upload our digitized genome on the computer. Once uploaded on the Website, our genome could travel with the speed of light to anywhere in the world or in the universe.

Once the good and bad genes are identified, we learned that the good genes code for good proteins which keep us healthy and the bad genes produce bad proteins that make us sick.

Using good genes, we make good protein to treat diseases such as insulin is used to treat diabetes.

On the other hand, we could identify bad gene and design drugs to shut off bad genes to prevent diseases. This starts a new era of genomic medicine based on differences of the genetic make of each individual.

The double-stranded DNA in the normal cell, the autosome, is retained with the individual.

On the other hand, the DNA in a germ line cell lives on for generations.

Through egg and sperm cells, the DNA is passed on to the future generations, that is, the information is passed on from parents to the fetus in different combinations for generation after generation. A sperm, the Y-chromosome, is made of a single string of 59 million nucleotide bases and carry 231 genes, while an egg, the X-chromosome, is made of a single string of 164 million nucleotide bases and carry 1144 genes. Once the egg is fertilized, the nucleotides and genes are exchanged (recombination occurs) among nucleotides forming a double-stranded DNA.

During replication, each string separates and picks up the complimentary nucleotide bases (such as nucleotide A picks up T and G picks up C) from the nucleotide pool and forms two double-stranded DNA forming two daughter cells.

The two strands of each chain run in opposite directions.

Reactive medicine is the treatment of a disease after its symptoms are revealed and the full-blown disease appears.

During your annual health checkup, your physicians order a number of tests. For example, if you are a 40-year-old male and go to the doctor, he prescribed a PSA (prostate-specific antigen) test for the early signs of prostate cancer, if you are a 40-year-old woman, your doctor prescribes the mammograms for the early signs of breast cancer, and if you are 50 years old, he prescribes the colonoscopy for colon cancer.

Once the symptoms are revealed, the standard treatment is prescribed for a disease such as surgery, radiations treatment, or chemotherapy.

The treatment after the appearance of its symptoms is considered as the reactive medicine. A specific example is as follows: suppose your physician finds that you are sick with high temperature and high blood pressure, he prescribes Plavix a medicine of standard treatment for lowing your blood pressure and temperature.

You receive treatment after your illness is diagnosed. Plavix is a useful drug for treating high blood pressure, but it does not respond in 15% of the patients.

In treating reactive medicine, we do not really know what is going on in the body of those patients until after sequencing their genome, and identifying the abnormal mutation in their genetic makeup and then designing drugs to treat those patients is the true genomic medicine.

Predictive medicine, on the other hand, is the treatment of a disease long before its onset by examining your normal genomic script of the

effected

The difference between the reactive medicine and the predictive medicine is whether you have the disease or you will come down with the disease because you are carrying a mutation which could become activated and make you sick. When comparing genome sequences, we find differences called variants. Good variants are responsible for our evolution, and abnormal variants are responsible for causing diseases. Using restriction enzymes (molecular scissors) like EcoR1, we can cut, paste, and copy a gene (conduct genetic engineering) and prepare a chart (

called

By comparing the sequence of a genes from the chart, we can predict which specific gene variant is expected to cause which disease.

As cells grow, the mutations accumulate and defects in genotype manifests in phenotype.

By using MRI (magnetic resonance imaging which provides three-dimensional

image

The three-dimensional MR imaging could serve as a diagnostic technique. Once the diagnosis is confirmed, drug design must begin to treat the disease.

We take the MRI of all 220 tissues of a healthy person and during his annual medical checkup compare the present MRI with the previous years’ MRI to see any unusual microscopic changes predicting diseases. Once identified, the next logical step is to design drugs to shut off mutated genes to prevent diseases.

Genetic disorders can be caused by a mutation in one gene (monogenic disorder), by mutations in multiple genes (multifactorial inheritance disorder), by a combination of gene mutations and environmental factors, or by damage to chromosomes (changes in the number of copies or structure of entire chromosomes, or part of the chromosome that carries genes).

What specific nucleotide damage forming the codon is responsible for causing catastrophic diseases? By comparing the mutations in a DNA sequence (genotype), we can predict the onset of a disease in human (phenotype).

The microscopic changes not detected by observations can be confirmed by three-dimensional MRI technique, which will diagnose diseases long before the symptoms appear. To some degree, we have achieved the quantity control of the population by genome sequencing. Western countries are far ahead of the Eastern nations.

The sequencing of the human genome provides rational approach to the quality control of the population.

We have good news for those families who are suffering from severe heritable diseases generations after generations. Some of those rare allele diseases are mental diseases such as Parkinson, Huntington, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, etc. Those family members can still have children, but we recommend that they have conception by in vitro fertilization, that is, they conceived children outside their bodies, that is, in the test

tube

Without any ill effect, one cell could be removed and its genome is sequenced.

Suppose the sequenced cell identify abnormal mutations when implanted will produce an incurably blind amoxicillin 650 mg price child or mentally retarded child. Is there a reason to bring this child into this intensely competitive world?

To complete his education from age 5 to 25 years, when he completes his education and receives his Doctorate Degree, a child has to take several tests.

If he fails one test, he is thrown out of the success train. No matter how painful it is on either religious or moral ground, we must ask ourselves a simple question.

Does this fertilized ovum produce an acceptable member of the human society?

If the answer is no, then we must throw out the defected ovum and use a new ovum. Should we sequence and select a cell for implantation which is free from all harmful mutations?

Before the development of antibiotics, most people died of infectious diseases around age 50.

First, antibiotics, penicillin (discovered by Alexander Fleming), was used for treating wounds before the WWII. As I said above, enormous funds were made available by the army to develop large-scale antibiotics to treat wounded soldiers returning from the battle ground during WWII.

During the following decades, novel class of aminoglycoside antibiotics were discovered, which are valuable therapeutic agents. Some of them are streptomycin, neomycin, kanamycin, paromomycin, apramycin, tobramycin, amikacin, netilmicin, gentamicin, etc. Dozens of their water/fat-soluble derivatives were synthesized.

They are considered broad spectrum antibiotics because they inhibit the growth of both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria causing deadly diseases and save human life. All aminoglycoside antibiotics are relatively small, basic, and water-soluble molecules that form stable salts. Most aminoglycoside antibiotics are products of fermentation of filamentous actinomycetes of the genus buy amoxicillin 500mg without prescription Streptomyces . Nowadays, people rarely die of infectious diseases. Because of the availability of a variety of antibiotics, today, most people live beyond age 70 years and some of them go on living beyond 80 years of age. Those who live beyond 70 are faced with three major old age diseases, which are responsible for causing the death of most patients during their lifetime and they are cancers, cardiac diseases, and Alzheimer.

These are genetic diseases and could be treated either by gene therapy (using CRISPER technology by replacing bad gene with the good gene using CRISPER-Cas9) or by drug therapy. There are about 3000 monogenic diseases and could be treated by replacing the defected gene with good

gene

Cancer is the leading cause of death and has surpassed the death of cardiovascular diseases.

Over 636,000 people died of cancer; 1.9 million new cases will be diagnosed this year including 78,000 prostate cancer, 40,000 breast cancer, 16,000 lung and bronchus cancer, and 15,000 colon and rectal cancer.