Fish amoxicillin for humans

She is coauthor of "The Concussion Crisis: Anatomy of a Silent Epidemic" and "Out of the Clouds: The Unlikely Horseman and the Unwanted Colt Who Conquered the Sport of Kings." New study suggests antibiotics can weaken the immune system. As more strains of bacteria become resistant to antibiotics, scientists are warning that we could soon return to the "dark ages of medicine," where our drugs are ineffective against even the most basic of infections. While investigating the side effects of antibiotics and how bacteria can develop resistance to them, researchers from MIT and Harvard have found that the drugs can actually work against the body, weakening the immune system's ability to fight off the bugs.

To prevent the possible "superbug" doomsday scenario, teams of scientists are developing new treatments that don't require drugs, such as antimicrobial materials, lights and predatory bacteria. But antibiotics will still play an important part in future treatments, as researchers discover new classes of them or supercharge old ones.

And in that vein, it pays to have a better understanding of just what antibiotics are doing to the body. The new study, conducted by researchers at Harvard, MIT, the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering and the Broad Institute, aimed to investigate the ways in which antibiotics affected the body, and how those effects in turn impacted on both the invading bacteria and the host's immune cells. "Antibiotics interact with cells, particularly immune cells, in ways we didn't expect," says Jason Yang, co-first author of the study.

"And the biochemical context, altered by antibiotics and cells in the surrounding tissue, matters when you're trying to predict how a drug might work in different people or in different infections." The researchers infected mice with E. coli bacteria, and then treated them with a common antibiotic called ciprofloxacin. In doing so, they found that the drug directly affected the tissues of the mice, which in turn changed the metabolites those cells released during the process of metabolism. And these changes were counterproductive, with

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At the same time, the drugs can make the immune system less effective overall: Immune cells called macrophages were found to be less effective at fighting off infection, because the antibiotic choked out their respiration. "You generally assume that antibiotics will significantly impact the bacterial cells, and yet here they seem to be triggering responses in mammalian cells," says James Collins, senior author of the study.

"The drugs are producing changes that are actually counterproductive to the treatment effort.

They reduce the bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics, and the drugs themselves reduce the functional benefit of the immune cells." While it sure doesn't sound like good news, the researchers say that it's helpful to improve our understanding of what antibiotics are doing to the immune system. Next up, the researchers plan to conduct more detailed animal studies using other antibiotics, and possibly study the metabolites in

human

1 Wag Himra Zone Health Department,Sekota, Ethiopia. 2 Department of Applied Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Hawassa University,Hawassa, Ethiopia. *Corresponding Author: Ephrem Abiy Wag Himra Zone Health Department Sekota, Ethiopia Tel: +251913020914 E-mail: [email protected] Received date: October 10, 2016; Accepted date: November 11, 2016; Published date: November 14, 2016.

Anti-Bacterial Effect of Garlic ( Allium sativum ) against Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli from Patients Attending Hawassa Referral Hospital, Ethiopia. Introduction: Emergence of methicillin drug resistance is evident and global challenge. Seeking for alternative antibiotics which are new, natural, plant based, cost effective and in toxic is the up to date task for global health. Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the anti-bacterial effect of garlic against clinical and standard isolates of S. Methodology: The Antibacterial activity of the crude extract of garlic was investigated against Clinical and Standard isolates of S.

coli by an Agar of both dilution and Cork borer techniques.

Results and conclusions: The results showed that standard S. coli were completely inhibited by 10 mg/ml and 15 mg/ml of agar media respectively and their clinical isolates were completely inhibited by 25 mg/ml, indicating that standard isolates are most sensitive and clinical isolates are least sensitive. Garlic could be used as effective antibacterial agent for these pathogenic microorganisms. coli: Escherichia coli ; EPHI: Ethiopian Public Health Institute; EHNRI: Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute; Lab: Laboratory; MRSA: Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; MSA: Mannitol Salt Agar; Staph: Staphylococcus . The use of higher plants and preparations from them to treat infections is an age-old practice. Interests in plants with antimicrobial properties has come to use again because of emergence of resistance strains against antimicrobials such as penicillin [1]. Garlic (Nech- shinkurt in Amharic/Local name/) ( Allium sativum L .) is under family Liliacea. It is an erect annual herb with superficial adventitious roots, bulbs composed of a disk like stem [2]. It has long tradition as medicinal plant, started with a direction of preparing a medicinal remedy written in a cuneiform character in about 3000 BC.

Scientific investigations of various garlic preparations began in 1939 [3]. There are a number of studies carried out to assess the value of herbal remedies including garlic preparations for treat of illness [1,2,4]. Recent studies in Ethiopia indicated that garlic has been commonly used in Ethiopian traditional medicine for infectious diseases like tuberculosis, sexually transmitted infections, wounds etc. Besides, its many other culinary applications [1,5].

The antibacterial effect of Garlic ( Allium sativum ) and other Allium spps has been attributed to S. This study confirmed that the aqueous extract of Garlic had antibacterial effect against clinical isolates of S.

Garlic is an anti -bacterial agent that can actually inhibits growth of infectious agents and at the same time protect the body from the pathogens.

It is known that the most sensitive bacterium to garlic is the deadly Bacillus anthracis which causes the diseases anthrax. Even the forefather of antibiotic medicine Louis Pasture acknowledged garlic to be an effective antibiotic. Some years later garlic was shown to have similar effect/activity as penicillin. Later studies should similar activity to modern antibiotic including Chloramphenicol. Even the blood of garlic eaters can kill bacteria and it is also reported that the vapor from freshly cut garlic can kill bacteria at a distance of 20 cm!

The other, the common and apparently returning diseases tuberculosis was treated with garlic very successfully as invading Mycobacterium tuberculosis is sensitive to several of the sulphur components found in Garlic [6,7]. Allicin is the antibacterial component found in Garlic. A molecular mechanism may be the basis for some of garlic’s therapeutic effects. The researchers were able to study how garlic works at molecular level using allicin, garlic’s main biologically active component [7]. Allicin created when garlic cloves are crushed, protects the plant from soil parasites and fungi and is also responsible for garlic’s pungent smell.

It is a natural weapon against infection that disables dysentery causing amoebiasis by blocking two groups of enzymes, cysteine proteinases and alcohol dehydrogenases.

Cysteine proteinases enzymes are the main culprits in infection, providing infectious organisms with the means to damage and invade tissues. Alcohol dehydrogenase enzymes play a major role in these harmful organisms’ survival and metabolism.

Because of these groups of enzymes are found in a wide variety of infectious organisms such as bacteria, fungi and viruses.