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If you are sexually active, consider getting tested regularly—it’s a simple blood test.

If you know you’ve had sex with someone with syphilis at any stage, your doctor may treat it anyway before getting test results. If you would like to find out if you are eligible for any clinical trials involving new treatments for syphilis, visit ClinicalTrials.gov, a site run by the U.S. The site has information about all HIV-related clinical studies in the United States.

For more info, you can call their toll-free number at 1-800-HIV-0440 (1-800-448-0440) or email contactus@aidsinfo.nih.gov.

Sore throats lasting longer than a week require medical attention.

Sore throat (also called pharyngitis) is typically caused by a viral or bacterial infection.

An estimated 200 to 300 different strains of virus cause colds

and

Infection with streptococcal bacteria is commonly called strep throat. Sore throat can also be caused by irritants such as air that is low in humidity, smoking, air pollution, excessive yelling, postnasal drip caused by allergies, and breathing through the mouth. Injury to the back of the throat and stomach acid backing up into the throat and mouth are other causes of sore throat.

Although sore throat affects people of all ages, children aged 5 to 15 years, smokers, allergy sufferers, and people with compromised immune systems are at higher risk. Sore Throat Symptoms Sore throat symptoms are easily recognized.

Your throat hurts and is irritated, swollen, or scratchy. Other symptoms that are commonly associated with sore throat are listed in Table 1.

If your sore throat is due to a virus, it

should

Symptoms worsen at night.3,4,6 Strep bacteria can lead to other conditions such as infection of the tonsils, sinuses, skin, blood, or middle ear, as well as various inflammatory illnesses. 2 Seek immediate medical help if your symptoms include drooling, an inability to swallow, difficulty opening your mouth, difficulty breathing, redness or swelling of the neck, swollen lymph nodes, bleeding from the throat, or a fever higher than 101°F.

Treatment Unless sore throat is caused by a bacterial infection, antibiotics are not prescribed. Antibiotics do not kill viruses—the most common cause of sore

throat—and

8 Table 2 4,7,9 lists recommended strategies for managing sore throat pain. If your symptoms do not improve within a week, contact your doctor.

If your doctor believes you have strep throat, he or she may do a rapid antigen strep test, which determines whether you have a strep infection.

This test provides results within minutes but is not always accurate. Therefore, your

doctor

Test results are usually available within 24 to 48 hours. Antibiotics are effective in treating bacterial infections. Penicillin is the most common antibiotic prescribed for strep throat.

If you have a penicillin allergy, your doctor may prescribe erythromycin. Your doctor most likely will give you a 10-day supply.

It is critical that you take all of the medication even if your symptoms subside or go away. Soft stool and diarrhea are common side effects of antibiotics. Taking an OTC antidiarrhea agent should minimize these side effects.

Along with killing the bacteria that cause strep throat, your doctor will focus on preventing complications from the infection. For example, untreated strep throat can lead to rheumatic fever, which causes heart damage along with kidney problems. Prevention People with bacterial infections remain contagious for approximately 24 hours after they begin taking antibiotics. Consequently, if you have strep throat, it’s important to limit your contact with

other

Table 3 3 , 6,7,12 lists recommendations for preventing sore throat. Endnote Up to 90% of all sore throats are caused by viruses and clear up within a week.

Those with a sore throat lasting longer than a week should seek medical intervention. Zanni is a psychologist and health-system consultant based in Alexandria, Virginia. What is the best method to administer amoxicillin to pigs?

Practical experiences with the use of amoxicillin in pigs have revealed that no matter which application method is selected both require attention to details to be successful.

In pig production the impact of health on profitability is immense and usually goes beyond the moment of the clinical outbreak. Early infections have a negative impact on the live weight of pigs at the time of weaning and the end of the nursery phase.

Furthermore, lightweight pigs are more susceptible to diseases later in life. Some of the most important bacterial pathogens during the most critical phases of pig production (farrowing and nursery) are Streptococcus suis , Staphylococcus hyicus , Haemophilus parasuis , and Pasteurella multocida . In pigs, amoxicillin is used during the early stages of production to treat sows or piglets against some respiratory infections caused by P.

Moreover, amoxicillin also can be effective against S.

Ampicillin is roughly equivalent to its successor, amoxicillin, in terms of spectrum and level of activity as can be seen in Figure 1. Both molecules are broad-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotics with a bactericidal mode of action that are approved for veterinary use.

For pigs, aqueous and oily products for parenteral administration are approved as well as premixes and water-soluble powders for oral medication via feed or water.

Below are some advantages and disadvantages of each type of treatment from a practical point of view.

The main advantages of injectable treatments are: Fast reaction .

When dealing with disease outbreaks related with S.

parasuis it is crucial to guarantee that pigs receive the right dose as soon as possible. Several pharmacokinetic studies show that after an intramuscular administration of amoxicillin, the bioavailability was approximately 83 percent, which can be even higher when using a long-acting formulation of amoxicillin.

Pharmacokinetics and stability of amoxicillin are not affected by feed intake, health status of the animal, water pH or manufacturing process of feed. Even though the degree to which the usage of antibiotics in veterinary medicine contributes to the appearance of resistant human pathogens is not yet fully proven, the use of injectable products is perceived as causing less selection of resistant micro-organisms than the use of oral forms.

while the dosing of the treatment becomes more complex, it can also be an opportunity to give a more precise dose to every pig based on its live weight and not on its feed or water intake.

However, there are also some disadvantages associated with the use of injectable treatments: Labor intensive . For injectable treatments, the requirements for manual labor are obviously higher. Failing to identify pigs that require follow-up treatments negatively affects the compliance or completing the full treatment.

Every time pigs are injected,

there

In many places, there is the problem of properly disposing used needles. Adding amoxicillin in pig feed presents two main advantages: Large number of pigs can be

treated

can

It may take days until the treatment is available for the animals. When an outbreak appears, the feed has to be ordered, manufactured, sent to the farm and finally, the feed bin must be empty before the pigs receive the medication. the health condition of the pigs affects feed intake, and a percentage of animals may not eat enough to get the right dose.

Even though there are differences among products available in the market, the amoxicillin molecule stability is affected by feed pelleting.

Also, while the feed is mixed

there

impaired

Producers can have targeted treatments by room or even by pen within the same building.

In addition, the treatment duration is as required and not until the feed bin is emptied. Amoxicillin in water medications is effective as a follow-up treatment, especially when an outbreak appears.

A quick therapeutic dose (by using with an injectable dosage) and then maintain through water medication a good plasma concentration for several days. And, some of the disadvantages of water application include: Dosage and treatment compliance .

This normally is not as good as for medicated feed manufactured at a feed mill, but it is easy to improve it with the right facilities and training. Some farms have water with low pH or use acidifiers.

The solubility of amoxicillin is affected in acidified water, according to a study, it reacted with citric acid, forming white precipitate or crystallizing. The health condition of the pigs also affects water intake.