Amoxicillin petsmart

Intravenous penicillin G (1MU q 4-6 hours) has been demonstrated to effectively result in negative cultures of previously positive blister fluid (196) and is considered the treatment of choice.

Oral penicillin VK is often used in patients after receiving an animal bite, particularly a cat bite.

Antimicrobial prophylaxis is often indicated after such bites as the infection rate is high and is often caused byВ Pasteurella multocida В (143).

Penicillin VK’s coverage against this organism is good and a dosage of 250-500 mg every 6 hours for 10 days is often utilized.

The oral flora of a cat or dog can also includeВ Staphylococcus aureus В and anaerobes; therefore some clinicians may choose amoxicillin/clavulanic acid to cover other possible organisms adequately. Human oral flora includesВ Staphylococcus aureus ,В Eikenella corrodens , and anaerobes, therefore these bites should be treated with amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. Other traumatic wounds may require antimicrobial prophylaxis, as well.

In a study of 599 patients with traumatic wounds of the hands or feet with underlying bone, tendon, or joint lesions, a penicillin G injection was

compared

Treatment of acute pyelonephritis depends upon urine gram-stain and culture results.В AmoxicillinВ may be used for treatment ofВ enterococcalВ infection, but cephalosporins are probably a better choice for coverage ofВ Staphylococcus В (e.g.В Staphylococcus saprophyticus ). In the past,В ampicillinВ and amoxicillin were drugs of choice for treatment of E.

coli В infection, however it is reported that 25-35% of isolates are now resistant (112). If use of a penicillin compound is desired, a combination beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor can be used (either orally or intravenously).

Lower urinary tract infection can be treated with single dose therapy and amoxicillin 3g is a regimen that has been used (173), but because of increasing resistance, other agents may be more desirable. Some experts suggest that with single dose or a 3-day course of therapy, the beta-lactams are inferior to other agents such asВ trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazoleВ at early and late follow-up (215).

Penicillin G can be used as an adjunct to therapy for the treatment ofВ inhalational,В gastrointestinal, or oropharyngeal anthraxВ resulting from bioterrorism, however it should not be used as a sole agent (115).

Data from an outbreak in late 2001 resulting from intentional anthrax infection noted that the isolates ofВ Bacillus anthracis were producers of constitutive and inducible beta-lactamases and non betalactamase stable penicillins, and are not likely to be clinically effective (46).

Penicillin G

continues

Amoxicillin may also be used as an option for completion of therapy for cutaneous anthrax after treatment withВ

ciprofloxacinВ

Amoxicillin may be used for completion of a 60-day course of anthrax post exposure prophylaxis at a dosage of 500 mg three times daily in patients who have received a fluoroquinoloneВ or doxycycline for 14-21 days and if there are contraindications to use of those drugs, e.g. In infants and young children with sickle cell disease, oral penicillin VK is recommended as prophylaxis againstВ pneumococcal infectionВ at a dose of 125mg twice daily, starting before the child is 4 months of age. Oral penicillin VK is also recommended for children with functional or anatomical asplenia (7). Yaws, causedВ byВ Treponema pallidum , subspeciesВ pertenue В effects persons in tropical or subtropical areas and is characterized by skin and bone lesions.

Treatment of choice is a single dose of BPG 1.2 mu for individuals aged 10 or over and 600,000u for younger children. Other treponemal diseases includeВ pinta, which manifests as unsightly skin lesions, and bejel, or endemic syphilis, which causes lesions of skin and bone and is not transmitted by sexual contact. BPG 1.2MU as a single dose is effective for both these diseases (51). Leptospirosis, transmitted from animals and caused by the spirocheteВ Leptospira interrogans , can manifest as a self-limited form (anicteric) or a more severe form of multi-organ dysfunction (icteric).

Mild disease can be treated with oral ampicillin (500-750mg q6h), amoxicillin (500mg q6h), or doxycycline (81). In moderate to severe disease, intravenous penicillin G (1.5mu q6h) has been shown to improve symptoms and shorten hospital stay (251). For prophylaxis, doxycycline, but not penicillin, is recommended (81).

Lyme disease, caused byВ Borrelia burgdorferi , is treated with amoxicillin 500 mg qid or doxycycline (59).

Length of therapy is usually 10 days for mild (localized) infection and 20-30 days forВ disseminated diseaseВ (e.g.

In patients with objective neurologic abnormalities or high degree atrioventricular heart block, intravenous therapy with penicillin G (5 mu qid), ceftriaxone, or cefotaxime may be used (58,В 183,В 221).

Doses of intravenous penicillin G 3g every 6 hours were studied in patients with neuroborreliosis and were found to attain concentrations of 0.5 Вµg/mL in the CSF 2-3 hours after dosing. This concentration was determined to be appropriate to sufficiently treat neuroborreliosis (123). Enteritis necroticans is caused byВ Clostridium perfringens В type C and manifests as severe abdominal pain and bloody stools. Transmural necrosis of the small bowel occurs with this infection and surgery may be indicated.

Penicillin G is the drug of choice and alternative antibiotics includeВ metronidazole,В clindamycin, orВ chloramphenicol. Actinomycosis can manifest as a disease of the oral-cervicofacial area, thoracic area, or as abdominal disease.В Actinomyces В species are causative organisms, particularly Actinomyces israelii .

It is important to treat this infection with high doses for a prolonged period of time due to decreased antimicrobial penetration into scarred areas. Penicillin G intravenously at doses of 18-24 mu daily for 2-6 weeks is the treatment of choice for most actinomycosis infections, followed up with oral penicillin VK or amoxicillin for 6-12 months.В In vitro В susceptibility ofВ Actinomyces В to oxacillin and dicloxacillin is poor; therefore these drugs should be avoided (134).

Penicillins are important agents in the therapeutic armamentarium of antimicrobial agents, being efficacious with relatively limited toxicity profiles. While penicillins remain the drug of choice for many infections, resistance in certain organisms is increasing; therefore their utility in the treatment of certain infections may change. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1984;25:93-7.В В [PubMed] 2.

Nafcillin-induced platelet dysfunction and bleeding.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1983;23:59-62.В В [PubMed] 3.

Effectiveness of intrapartum penicillin prophylaxis in preventing early-onset group B streptococcal infection: results of a meta-analysis.

Antibiotic synergy in experimental infection with Pseudomonas. The effect of carbenicillin, cephalothin, or cephanone combined with tobramycin or gentamicin. Risk of administering cephalosporin antibiotics to patients with histories of penicillin allergy. Ann All Asthma Immunol 1995;74:167-70.В В [PubMed] 7. Prevention of pneumococcal disease: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP).

Resistance amongВ Streptococcus pneumoniae : implications for drug selection. Prevention of Perinatal Group B Streptococcal disease: a public health perspective.

Morb Mortal Week Rep 1996;45(RR-7):15-20.В В [PubMed] 10.

The progressive intercontinental spread of methicillin-resistantВ Staphylococcus aureus . Clin Infect Dis 1997;24(Suppl 1):S74-9.В В [PubMed] 12. Azimi PH, Janner D, Berne P, Fulroth R, Lvoff V, Franklin L, Berman SM.

Concentrations of procaine and aqueous penicillin in the cerebrospinal fluid of infants treated for congenital syphilis. Bacterial resistance to beta-lactams, and its prevention with combination antimicrobial therapy. Populations at risk for penicillin-induced seizures. Bartlett JG, Dowell SF, Mandell LA, File Jr TM, Musher DM, Fine MJ.

Practice guidelines for the mamagement of community-acquired pneumonia in adults.

Comparative antibacterial activity of azlocillin, mezlocillin, carbenicillin, and ticarcillin and relative stability to beta-lactamases of Pseudomonas aeruginosa В andВ Klebsiella В aerogenes.

Immediate hypersensitivity reactions to beta-lactam antibiotics. The safety of administration of penicillamine to penicillin-sensitive individuals. Dicloxacillin, a new antibiotic: clinical studies and laboratory comparisons with oxacillin and cloxacillin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1964;257-62.В В [PubMed] 23. Bennett WM, Aronoff GR, Morrison G, Golper TA, Pulliam J, Wolfson M, Singer I.

Drug prescribing in renal failure: dosing guidelines for adults.

Mezlocillin pharmacokinetics in patients with normal and impaired renal functions.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1979;16:651-4.В В [PubMed] 25. Bacterial kill rates of amoxicillin and ampicillin at exponentially diminishing concentrations simulationВ in vivo В conditions. Bisno AL, Dismukes WE, Durack DT, Kaplan EL, Karchmer AW, Kaye D, Rahimtoola SH, Sande MA, Sanford JP, Watanakunakorn C, Wilson WR. Antimicrobial treatment of infective endocarditis due to Viridans Streptococci, Enterococci, and Staphylococci. Inactivation of amikacin and gentamicin by carbenicillin in patients with end-stage renal failure.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1982;22:376-9.В [PubMed] 29.

Ampicillin for neonatal group B streptococcal prophylaxis: how rapidly can bactericidal concentrations be achieved?

Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996;175:974-6.В В [PubMed] 30. Penicillin-induced encephalopathy in uremic patients.

A randomized study of carbenicillin plus cefamandole or tobramycin in the treatment of febrile episodes in cancer patients.

Bohnen JM, Solomkin JS, Dellinger EP, Bjornson HS, Page CP.

Guidelines for clinical care: anti-infective agents for intra-abdominal infection. Bohte R, van’t Wout JW, Lobatto S, Blusse van Oud, Alblas A, Boekhout M, Nauta EH, Hermans J, van den Broek PJ. Efficacy and safety of azithromycin versus benzylpenicillin or erythromycin in community-acquired pneumonia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1995;14:182-7.В В [PubMed] 35.

High-dose penicillin therapy and pneumococcal pneumonia.

The British Thoracic Society, Public Health Laboratory Service.

Community-acquired pneumonia in adults in British hospitals in 1982-1983: a survey of aetiology, mortality, prognostic factors, and outcome. Penicilloyl-polylysine as an intradermal test of penicillin sensitivity. Hypokalemia, metabolic acidosis, and hypernatremia due to massive sodium penicillin therapy.

“Comparably massive” penicillin G therapy in renal failure.

Effect of uremia on methicillin and oxacillin blood levels.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1989;33:259-76.В В [PubMed] 45. A functional classification shceme for ОІ-lactamases and its correlation with molecular structures. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995;39:1211-33.В [PubMed] 46.

Update: Investigation of bioterrorism-related anthrax and interim guidelines for exposure management and antimicrobial therapy. morb Mortal Weekly Rep 2001;50:909-19.В В [PubMed] 47. Update: Interim recommendations for antimicrobial prophylaxis for children and breastfeeding mothers and treatment of children with anthrax. Morb Mortal Weekly Rep 2001c;50:1014-6.В В [PubMed] 48.

Penicillin allergy: anti-penicillin IgE antibodies and immediate hypersensitivity skin reactions employing major and minor determinants of penicillin. Effect of orally administered neomycin on the absorption of penicillin V.

Chow JW, Fine MJ, Shlaes DM, Quinn JP, Hooper DC, Johnson MP, Pamphal R, Wagener MM, Miyashiro DK, Yu VL.В Enterobacter В bacteremia: clinical features and emergence of antibiotic resistance during therapy. (eds.) Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. Comparative study of anti-Pseudomonas activity of azlocillin, mezlocillin, piperacillin, and ticarcillin, alone and in combination with an aminoglycoside.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1979;15:396-9.В В [PubMed] 53. Evidence to support the rationale that bacterial eradication in respiratory tract

infection

J Antimicrob Chemother 2001;47:129-40.В В [PubMed] 54.

Dajani AS, Taubert KA, Wilson W, Bolger AF, Bayer A, Ferrieri P, Gewitz MH, Shulman ST, Nouri S, Newburger JW, Pallasch TJ, Gage TW, Levison ME, Peter G, Zuccaro G Jr. Oral amoxicillin as prophylaxis for endocarditis: what amoxicillin 500 uses is the optimal dose?

Dajani A, Taubert K, Ferrieri P, Peter G, Shulman S.

Treatment of acute streptococcal pharyngitis and prevention of rheumatic fever: a statement for health professionals.

Gas gangrene and related infection: classification.

Clinical features and etiology, management and mortality.

Treatment of late Lyme borreliosis - randomized comparison of ceftriaxone and penicillin. Dattwyler RJ, Volkman DJ, Conaty SM, Platkin SP, Luft BJ.

Amoxycillin plus probenecid versus doxycycline for treatment of erythema migrans borreliosis.

The bacteriology and chemotherapy of brain abscess. J Antimicrob Chemother 1978;4:395-413.В В [PubMed] 62.

Demidovich CW, Wittler RR, Ruff ME, Bass JW, Browning WC. Impetigo: current etiology and comparision of penicillin, erythromycin, and cephalexin therapies.

De Schepper PJ, Tjandramaga TB, Mullie A, Verbesselt R, Van Hecken A, Verberckmoes R, Verbist L. Comparative pharmacokinetics of piperacillin in normals and in patients with renal failure.

J Antimicrob Chemother 1982;9(Suppl B):49-57.В В [PubMed] 65.

Destache CJ, Dewan N, O'Donohue WJ, Campbell JC, Angelillo VA.

Clinical and economic considerations in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis.

J Antimicrob Chemother 1999;43(Suppl A):107-13.В В [PubMed] 66.

J Allergy Clin Immunol 1984;74:209-21.В В [PubMed] 67.

Clinical evaluation of piperacillin with observations on penetrability into cerebrospinal fluid.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1981;20:481-6.В В [PubMed] 69. Doebbeling BN, Stanley GL, Sheetz CT, Pfaller MA, Houston AK, Annis L, Li N, Wenzel RP. Comparative efficacy of alternative hand-washing agents in reducing nosocomial infections in intensive care units. Role of pharmacokinetics in the outcome of infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1988;32:289-97.В В [PubMed] 72. Renal clearance of penicillin F, G, K, and X in rabbits and man. Therapeutic significance of penicillin blood levels.

Effect of schedule of administration on the therapeutic efficacy of penicillin. Pharmacodynamic properties of antibiotics: application to drug monitoring and dosage regimen design. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1990;11:319-26.В В [PubMed] 77.

Azlocillin, mezlocillin, and piperacillin: new broad-spectrum penicillins. A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of penicillin in preterm premature rupture of membranes.

Inactivation of gentamicin by penicillins in patients with renal failure. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1976;9:1004-1011.В В [PubMed] 80. Evans RS, Pestotnik SL, Burke JP, Gardner RM, Larsen RA, Classen DC.

Reducing the duration of prophylactic antibiotic use through computer monitoring of surgical patients. Fass RJ, Copelan EA, Brandt JT, Moeschberger ML, Ashton JJ.

Platelet-mediated bleeding caused by broad-spectrum penicillins.

Susceptibility of pneumococci and Haemophilus influenzae to antibacterial agents.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1976;9:274-87.В В [PubMed] 84.

On the antibacterial action of cultures of a penicillium, with special reference to their use in the isolation of B. (Fleming, A., ed.) The Blakiston Co., Philadelphia, 1946, pp. Comparative killing activity and postantibiotic effect of streptomycin combined with ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, imipenem, piperacillin, or vancomycin against strains of Streptococcus faecalis and Streptococcus faecium. Clinical experience with penicillin skin testing in a large inner-city STD clinic. Gerber AU, Craig WA, Brugger HP, Feller C, Vastola AP, Brandel J, Impact of dosing intervals on activity of gentamicin and ticarcillin againstВ Pseudomonas aeruginosa В in granulocytopenic mice. Selection of aminoglycoside-resistant variants ofВ Pseudomonas aeruginosa В in anВ in vivo В model. Gerber MA, Randolph MF, Demeo K, Feder HM Jr, Kaplan EL.

Failure of once-daily penicillin V therapy for streptoccal pharyngitis.

Apparent effect of probenecid on the distribution of penicillin in man. Biliary concentration of piperacillin in patients undergoing cholecyctectomy.